ENL1012 English for Business Communication ภาษาอ งกฤษเพ อการส อสารทางธ รก จ

Transcription

1 ENL1012 English for Business Communication ภาษาอ งกฤษเพ อการส อสารทางธ รก จ

2 Unit 1 Welcome to our company Review of present tenses Present simple Affirmative I / You/ We/ They want, go, take He /She /It wants, goes, takes Most verbs add -s for third person => He / She / It Verbs ending -ss,- sh, -ch, -x, -o add -es e.g. passes, washes, relaxes, goes

3 Review of present tenses Negative I / You/ We/ They do not (don t) want, go He / She / It does not (doesn t)relax, take Questions and Short answers Question: Do I / You / We /They work? Answer: Yes, I do. / Yes, we do. / Yes, they do. No, I do not (don t). / No, we do not (don t). / No, they do not (don t).

4 Review of present tenses Usage Use Present simple for : 1. Fact or things that always happen. e.g. Water boils at 100 C. The sun rises at east. 2. Routines and habits. e.g. The bids return to the island every spring.

5 Review of present tenses At Union Investment, a large Frankfurt fund manager, about half of the customers invest a regular amount every month. (From Wall Street Journal Europe website) 3. Timetable events. For time expressions that we often use Frequency of adverbs for Present simple : always, often, usually, normally, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, not often, hardly ever, never. e.g. The Drama Club meets every Thursday at 7:30 p.m.

6 Review of present tenses Terry Smith, the Chief Executive of Collins Stewart, usually rises at 6 a.m. He takes the train to London and arrives at his office by 8 a.m. Lunch is usually a sandwich with some Japanese green leaf tea. British Airways flight BA729 leaves Geneva at 16:40 and arrives in London at 17:20. (This example use for present simple which refer to timetables and schedules, when we speak about timetables we are often thinking about the future. 4. Thoughts and feelings. For the thoughts and feelings we use in Present simple, but we don t use in the Present continuous, for example: like, know, want, need, prefer, think, understand.

7 Review of present tenses e.g. Lyn understands the questions that teacher asks her not. James thinks that the cost of living in Bangkok is too high, so he thinks to move back to his hometown.

8 Present continuous Affirmative I am ( m) moving. You/ We/ They are ( re) moving. He /She /It is ( s) moving. Negative I am not ( m not) studying. You/ We/ They are not ( re not / aren t) studying. He /She /It is not (isn t / s not ) studying.

9 Present continuous Questions and Short answers Question: Am I going? Answer: Yes, I am. / No, I am not ( m not). Question: Are you / we / they waiting? Answer: Yes, we are. / Yes, they are. No, we are not (aren t / re not). / No, they are not (aren t / re not).

10 Present continuous Question: Is he / she / it singing? Answer: Yes, he is. / Yes, she is. / Yes, it is. No, he is not (isn t / s not). / No, she is not (isn t / s not) / No, it is not (isn t / s not).

11 Present continuous Spelling rules 1. One-syllable verbs ending in one vowel + one consonant, double the consonant and add -ing : e.g. sit => sitting get => getting put => putting 2. Verbs ending in e, drop e before adding -ing : e.g. write => writing

12 Present continuous 3. Verbs ending -ie change -ie to -y : e.g. lie => lying die => dying 4. Two-syllable verbs ending in one vowel and one consonant usually double the final consonant and add -ing : e.g. travel=> travelling admit => admitting 5. All other verbs add -ing: e.g. play => playing feel => feeling try => trying

13 Present continuous Usage Use Present continuous for : 1. Actions happening at the moment of speaking, and not finished. e.g. Sorry, I m busy at the moment. I m doing my homework. America s powerful online merchants are moving eastward, to the new Net market in Europe. They are opening offices in London s Canary Wharf and buying billboards in Barcelona. (from Business Week website)

14 Present continuous 2. The action or situation may be a current trend. e.g. Computer games are getting better every year. The application of physics is making movement more realistic and artificial intelligence is causing players to become more emotionally involved. (From Economist website) 3. Continuing, unfinished actions which are not actually happening at the moment of speaking, with verbs like work, learn, read, and study etc. e.g. What are you doing in science? We are learning about the universe.

15 Present continuous 4. Changing situations, with verbs like become, get, grow, change, increase, or with expressions such as more and more. e.g. The earth is becoming warmer. More and more people are leaving the countryside. 5. For a future arrangement, with a time reference e.g. We are leaving tomorrow.

16 Present continuous

17 Wh- questions Wh- questions A Wh- question begins with a question word. Question words are who, what, which, whose, where, when, why, and how Usage Use a Wh- question to ask for information, which put a question word in front of the question forms.

18 Wh- questions Form : Most wh- questions begin with Question Word + Auxiliary verb + Subject + Main verb? Where have you put the map? What is Katy doing? Where do people meet? How does the radio work?

19 Wh- questions Note: The main verb be comes before the subject in questions. If there is more than one auxiliary verb, only the first one comes before the subject : I should have said something.=> What should I have said?

20 Wh- questions e.g. Which is the highest mountain? How do ants show intelligence? Who was the first European to America? Why is the climate changing everywhere? When will the ice at the Poles melt completely? How well can bats hear?

21 Question phrases Question phrases Often use What and Which with a noun: e.g. What time are you arriving? What areas do we need to cover in the meeting? Which is more usual with people and organizations, and when there is a limited number of possible answers: e.g. Which customer service representative were you speaking to? Which way is it?

22 Question phrases Cane make phrases with How, How many, How much, How old, How far, How often, How long, How fast e.g. How often do you travel abroad on business? How long will the meeting last? How much will the Brazilian economy grow next year?

23 Unit 2 Business Communication Verb + -ing after prepositions When a verb follows a preposition, the verb ends in -ing. e.g. I apologized for making a mistake. Laura is keen on taking photos. I m thinking of going to Turkey. Are you interested in travelling around? We re tired of not having a place to live.

24 Verb + -ing after prepositions Use the -ing form after a preposition. A preposition can follow a verb or an adjective. e.g. Do not you believe in discussing things openly? Unfortunately Tom insisted on telling us all about United s win. I m looking forward to seeing my friends again. I have succeeded in getting hold of the DVD I wanted. Verb + -ing after prepositions also there are : agree with, apologize for, concentrate on, object to, rely on, think of

25 Verb + -ing after prepositions Use about after ask, complain, dream, speak, talk, think, and wonder. e.g. They are talking about building a new swimming-pool. Use by and verb + -ing to say how something happens. e.g. You can save the cost of flights by having a videoconference.

26 The past tense of can, must, have to Can, must, have to are the modal verbs. Followed by the infinitive without to. Have only one form means no -s in the third person singular no verb tenses with -ing and -ed Questions are made by putting the modal in front of the subject. Negatives are made by putting not immediately after the modal ( -n t)

27 The past tense of can, must, have to e.g. Can I...? I can not (can t) Could I...? I could not (couldn t) Should I...? I should not (shouldn t) Talk about the ability, will use can and can t e.g. We can get the information from the Internet. Can you deliver the shipment in two weeks? No, We can t. Can t use for all things that we are not able to do. e.g. I can t see that now you are very nervous.

28 The past tense of can, must, have to Talk about general past ability (not limited to one occasion) => use could In negative sentences and questions can use could e.g. I could speak French quite well when I was at school. I couldn t understand what he meant. Could you deal with the problem? Use have to and must for saying something necessary e.g. I have to speak to Jane before she leaves. We must finish the meeting by eleven at the latest.

29 The past tense of can, must, have to Have to use for the situation makes something necessary e.g. You have to pay the invoice by the end of the month. (this s the company rule) Must use for the speaker personally feels something is important e.g. You must stop working so hard. (I m telling you.) Make a question, normally use have to If use must for a question => sound annoyed, if stress must in speech. e.g. Do you have to work this evening? Must you work this evening?

30 The past tense of can, must, have to Talk about necessity in the past, use had to. There is no past form of must e.g. I had to speak to Emma about something, but I have forgotten what it was about. Use should and should not (shouldn t) for giving opinions and advice e.g. We should invest more heavily in marketing. You should speak to your boss about the problem in the department.

31 The past tense of can, must, have to NOTE: Should is not as strong as must and have to. We use it to give advice. e.g. You look tired. You should go to bed earlier. You shouldn t work so hard.

32 Unit 3 Products and Services Review of Past simple Past simple Affirmative I / You/ We/ They He /She /It stopped. stopped. Negative I / You/ We/ They did not (didn t) stop. He / She / It did not (didn t) stop.

33 Review of Past simple Questions and Short answers Question: Did I / You / We /They/ He/ She/ It wait? Answer: Yes, I did. / Yes, you did. / Yes, we did. / Yes, they did. Yes, he did. / Yes, she did. / Yes, it did. / No, I did not (didn t). / No, you did not (didn t). /No, we did not (didn t). / No, they did not (didn t). / No, he did not (didn t). / No, she did not (didn t). /No, it did not (didn t)

34 Review of Past simple e.g. When did Leonardo da Vinci live? What did Leonardo da Vinci paint? Spelling Rules: Verbs ending in -e add -d e.g. decide decided For one-syllable verbs ending one vowel + one consonant double the consonant and add -ed e.g. stop stopped plan planned

35 Review of Past simple Other one-syllable verbs add -ed e.g. wait waited Verbs ending vowel + consonant + -y Change -y to -i and add -ed e.g. study studied try tried Verbs ending vowel + y add -ed e.g. play played

36 Review of Past simple Two-syllable verbs ending one vowel + one consonant Double the consonant if the stress is on the last syllable and add -ed e.g. prefer preferred If the stress is on the first syllable, add -ed e.g. profit profited Irregular verbs Many verbs have irregular past simple forms e.g. drink drank see saw

37 Review of Past simple Usage Use Past Simple Talk about finished events in the past, when we think about a definite time. e.g. Alexander s army marched beside the river and then stopped outside the city. I checked the figures very carefully last week. Describe the events in a story. e.g. Oliver heard the sound of a bell. Soon afterwards, the door softly opened.

38 Review of Past simple Describe the habits and routines in the past, usually use a time word or phrase. e.g. Leonardo painted the Last Supper in his studio in Every evening we went out and ate in a different restaurant. Time words and phrases that use with the past simple: at: twelve o clock, the end of the year in: the morning, June, 1754, the sixties on: Friday, the second of April no preposition: last week, last month, last year, yesterday, ago

39 The passive The passive Rule: Form the passive with the verb to be and the past participle of the verb. Use be + past participle (V3) to form the passive e.g. Present simple active We find oil and gas beneath the ground or sea. Present simple passive Oil and gas are found beneath the ground or sea.

40 The passive Past simple active Teachers trained Aztec boys to fight. Past simple passive Aztec boys were trained to fight. NOTE: Use the passive when: Don t know who does something: e.g. The bicycle was invented 200 years ago.

41 The passive It is not important to say who does something: e.g. Spanish is spoken in many South American countries. If we want to say who does something use by e.g. Mandarin Chinese is spoken by over a billion people. Usage: Use the passive Move important information (the object of the active sentence) to the beginning. e.g. Two men are being questioned by the police.

42 The passive Want to be impersonal and not mention the name of the person who performs the action. Often use the passive in scientific or technical processes. e.g. Oil and gas are found beneath the ground or sea. When it is obvious who performed the action, e.g. teachers, or we don t want to use a general subject e.g. people, they. e.g. Aztec boys were trained to fight. Two missing children have been found safe and well.

43 The passive More often in formal speech and writing than in everyday speech. Negative forms and question forms for the passive are the same way as in active sentences. e.g. The new design hasn t been chosen. Has the new design been chosen?

44 Transitive and Intransitive Transitive and Intransitive Verbs which have an object are called transitive verbs. Verbs without an object are intransitive. Only transitive verbs can be made passive. Transitive Subject Verb Object I lost my wallet on the way to school. Intransitive Subject Verb Object I swim - every day.

45 Transitive and Intransitive Use BY When it is important to know the agent or person who performed the action. e.g. Some countries have been harmed by tourism. Only when it is really necessary. e.g. The two men were arrested. (by the police - this is obvious)

46 Adjectives to describe products and services Adjectives to describe products and services Rule: Adjective ending -ing describe something we are reacting to (Outside us). Adjective ending -ed (Inside us). describe our feelings and reactions e.g. The meeting was very interesting. I was interested in your idea about outsourcing.

47 Adjectives to describe products and services This kinds of adjectives: bored/ boring confused/ confusing excited/ exciting fascinated/ fascinating surprised/ surprising tired/ tiring terrified/ terrifying frightened/ frightening relaxed/ relaxing shocked/ shocking amazed/ amazing disappointed/ disappointing

48 Adjectives to describe products and services Note: Don t mix up -ed and -ing: I am interested in your courses. (A person is interested.) Your course is very interesting. (A thing is interesting.)

49 Unit 4 Targeting the customer First conditional Rule: I ll the short form of I will The negative form is I won t First conditional sentences describe REAL situation things that can or might happen. Have 2 parts the condition (if...) and the result (= what will happen). For the condition use if + Present simple / future.

50 First conditional For the result use Present simple / future. No will after if If I will like it, I will buy it. First conditional Structure: If + Present Simple + Subject + Will/Won t + Object Talk about things that may happen in the future. Verb after IF Present Simple Use for a Possible Future Action or Situation Use Will/ Won t + Verb for the Result

51 First conditional Future Possibility + Result If we don t hurry, we won t finish. Can Reverse the Order of First Conditional e.g. If we don t hurry, we won t finish. We won t finish if we don t hurry. Usage: Use First Conditionals in offers and suggestions e.g. If you need a ticket, I can get you one. If you feel like seeing the sights, we can take a bus tour.

52 First conditional Use if-clause for the first conditionals for warnings and threats. e.g. If you go on like this, you will make yourself ill. Unless Unless means the same as if... not. e.g. If he doesn t arrive soon, he will miss the start of the presentation. meaning same as the followed Unless he arrives soon, he will miss the start of the presentation.

53 Adverbs of manner Adverbs of manner Rule: Adjectives describe Nouns (people or things) Adverbs of manner tells us about a verb: How we do things or How something happens To make an adverb of manner we add - ly to an adjective Usage: Usually go in end position of the sentences. But an adverb which end -ly can sometimes go in mid position.

54 Adverbs of manner e.g. We asked permission politely. We politely asked permission. Form: Some adverbs of manner add - ly to the adjective. Adjectives ending - e drop - e and put ly at the end. Adjectives ending in - y change y to i e.g. uncomfortable uncomfortably careful carefully happy happily real really

55 Irregular adverbs Irregular adverbs Some adverbs have an irregular form e.g. good well He s a good speaker. VS He speaks well. Adverbs with the same form as adjectives e.g. early fast hard high late low right wrong She s a fast driver. VS She drives fast. They are hard workers. VS They work hard.

56 Adverbs with the same form as adjectives Note: Hard and Hardly are often confused. Hardly means Almost not. Hard is an adverb form meaning Using a lot of energy. e.g. I can hardly hear you! Are you working hard?

57 Confused word between tell and say Confused word between tell and say Tell is followed by A Person Tell + A person e.g. Can you tell me the way to the station? Say is not followed by a person BUT Say + TO + Person e.g. What did he say to you?

58 Unit 5 Achievements Present Perfect Rule: Form the Present Perfect with Have + The Past Participle of the verb. Use when we talk about time that is NOT FINISHED Use Present Perfect Use when we talk about time that is FINISHED Use Past Simple The Past Participle of Regular verbs is the same as the Past Simple e.g. export exported - exported

59 Present Perfect FORM Affirmative I / You/ We/ They have ( ve) decided. (Past Participle) He /She /It has ( s) decided. (Past Participle) Negative I / You/ We/ They have not (haven t / ve not) decided. He / She / It has not (hasn t / s not) decided.

60 Present Perfect Questions Have I/ you / we/ they decided? Has he / she/ it decided? Where have you put it? What has she done?

61 Present Perfect Short Answers Yes, I/ you/ we / they have. he / she/ it has. No, I/ you/ we / they haven t. he / she/ it hasen t. Regular verbs use - ed form as the Past Participle. Irregular verbs have irregular forms.

62 Present Perfect Example: Verb Past Simple Past Participle wait (regular) waited waited see (irregular) saw seen BE and HAVE in Present Perfect form Present Perfect form for BE Been Present Perfect form for HAVE Had

63 Present Perfect e.g The weather has been awful. I have had a lovely time, thank you. Usage Use Present Perfect To describe an event in the past without a definite time. e.g. Someone has broken a window in our classroom. To describe what someone has completed or achieved in a period of time. e.g. I have finished my homework, and I have cleaned my room.

64 Present Perfect To describe how many things someone has done. e.g. Scientists have found more than 30 unknown insects. To describe someone s experiences, what he or she has done in life. e.g. I have travelled by plane, but I have not flown in a helicopter. To describe changes, comparing past and present. e.g. Our climate has become much warmer.

65 Present Perfect : Since and For Present Perfect : Since and For Rule: Use FOR with a Period of time. Use SINCE with a Point of time in the Past e.g. Vicky has only had that camera for three days. Those people have been at the hotel since Friday. I have felt really tired for a whole week now. We have lived in Oxford since 2014.

66 Present Perfect : Since and For Again! Use FOR to say how long this period is (for three days) Use SINCE to say when the period began (since Friday)

67 Use How long in questions Use How long in questions e.g. How long has Vicky had that camera? Since Thursday, I think. How long have Teddy and Laura been married? Oh, for about four years. We can also use the Present Perfect with For and Since when something has stopped happening. e.g. I have not seen Rachel for ages. She has not visited us since July.

68 Unit 6 How would you like to pay? Verbs+ Object + To do Rule: Want/ Ask/ Would like/ Will get/ Help + Object + To + Verb The following verbs are followed by an Object + to + infinitive Advise, Allow, Ask, Cause, Encourage, Expect, Forbid, Force, Help, Invite, Order, Pay, Prefer, Persuade e.g. Russia will ask the Paris Club of creditors to postpone the signing of agreement on the repayment of debt.

69 Verbs + Object + To do Note: We can use the same rule for the verbs advise, expect, and tell e.g. The bank manager advised me to open a saving account. We expected the bank to give us a loan. Who told you to invest your money like that?

70 Defining Relative Clauses Defining Relative Clauses Rule: Defining relative clauses give us more information about people or things. Defining relative clauses about People begin with WHO or THAT Things begin with WHICH or THAT

71 Defining Relative Clauses When the relative pronoun is the Subject When the relative pronoun is the Object Use Who, Which, or That We can Leave It Out. Again! Relative clauses can refer to the subject of the sentence or the object. They behave in different ways. In Object clauses, it is possible to leave out the relative pronoun which/ that.

72 Defining Relative Clauses e.g Glaciers are rivers of ice which form in cold climates on mountains. The amount of fresh water (that) glaciers contain is greater than all other lakes and rivers on Earth. Subject: which form is cold climates This refers to glaciers, the subject of form. Object: that glaciers contain This refers to water, the object of contain. NOTE that in a subject clause there is never a subject pronoun after the relative pronoun.

73 Defining Relative Clauses e.g. Glaciers are rivers of ice. They form in cold climates on mountains. Glaciers are rivers of ice which they form in cold climates on mountains.

74 Defining Relative Clauses Subject: Who or That Use who/ that refer to people in subject relative clauses. When we refer to a named person generally use WHO, and THAT in informal speech and writing. e.g. Charles Dickens was the novelist who wrote David Copperfield. Louis Agassiz was the first scientist who argued that there had been an Ice Age in the past.

75 Defining Relative Clauses Subject: Which or That Use which/ that refer to things in subject relative clauses. e.g. Last week I bought a new computer which is much faster than the old one. In 1840 Agassiz published Etudes sur les glaciers which was the first book to describe the movements of glaciers and the way they changed the landscape.

76 Defining Relative Clauses Object: Who, That, or Zero Use who/ that in an object relative clause when refer to people e.g. He is one of the scientists who/ that I admire most. It is possible to Leave out the relative pronoun in this kind of sentence. e.g. He is one of the scientists I admire most.

77 Defining Relative Clauses Object: Which, That, or Zero Use which/ that in an object relative clause when refer to things e.g. This is Pickwick Papers, one of the first books which/ that Dickens wrote. It is possible to Leave out the relative pronoun in this kind of sentence. e.g. This is Pickwick Papers, one of the first books Dickens wrote.

78 Unit 7 Future Trends Will and Going to for Future Rule: When we talk about a Prediction for the Future Use Will + Verb When we talk about a Definite plan for the Future Use Be going to + Verb

79 So that and In order to So that and In order to Use for express the purposes to say why we do things. So that + Noun /Pronoun e.g. Eva is going to the US so that she can improve her English. In order to + Verb e.g. Eva is going to the US in order to improve her English.

80 Will and Going to for Future Again! General: Will Use to talk about facts in the future Use to talk about the details and comments e.g. I will be twenty next Friday. The spacecraft will come down in the Pacific Ocean tomorrow morning. In the meal of next Friday, there will be about ten of us. Oh, that will be nice.

81 Will and Going to for Future Be going to Use for an intention, something we have already decided to do. e.g. We are going to have a meal. Tom is going to sell his car.

82 Will and Going to for Future Decisions and Intentions Will Use for an instant decision or agreement to do something e.g. There is the postbox over there. I will post these letters. You still have not put those shelves up, Trevor. (Trevor said) O.k. I will do it tomorrow. (which Trevor deciding now)

83 Will and Going to for Future Be going to Mean we have already decided e.g. I m going out. I m going to post these letters. You still have not put those shelves up, Trevor. (Trevor said) I know. I m going to do it tomorrow. (which Trevor has already decided)

84 Will and Going to for Future Predictions Will Use for a prediction about the future e.g. I think United will win the game. One day people will travel to Mars. Be going to Use for a prediction when we see from the present situation what is going to happen in the future. e.g. There is not a cloud in the sky. It s going to be a lovely day. This bag is not very strong. It s going to break.

85 Unit 8 When things go wrong Second conditional Rule: Second Conditional sentences describe UNREAL Situations Things that can t or Probably WON T HAPPEN. Use WOULD + a Verb in the Main Clause and the PAST Tense in the IF clause. Sometimes use WERE instead of WAS. e.g. If he were here, he would solve the problem right away.

86 Second conditional Note: We can omit the comma. e.g. If it wasn t so urgent, I wouldn t call you. (with comma) I wouldn t call you if it wasn t so urgent. (without comma)

87 Second conditional Form: If + Past Simple + would If I ate cake, I would get fat. If we didn t have a car, we would find it difficult to get about. If Rachel got up earlier, she wouldn t always be late.

88 Second conditional In a second conditional if-clause we sometimes use were instead of was, especially in the clause If I were you. e.g. If I were you, I would ask a lawyer for some advice. The main clause often has would, can also use could or might e.g. If we had a calculator, we could work this out a lot quicker. If Rachel worked harder, she might do even better at her studies. The If-clause usually comes first, but it can come after the main clause. e.g. If I knew, I would tell you. I would tell you if I knew.

89 Second conditional Use for something UNREAL e.g. If I had a million pound, I would probably buy a yacht. The sentence If I had a million pound means that in real life I haven t really got a million pounds, but I m imagine that I have. Use for an offer and suggestion e.g. If you needed a ticket, I could get you one. If you felt like seeing the sights, we could take a bus tour. Note: The second conditional is less direct than the first conditional. The speaker is less sure that you want to see the sights.

90 Adverbs that modify adjectives Adverbs that modify adjectives Rule: Adverbs that modify adjectives come BEFORE the Adjectives. Adverbs like very, really, extremely, and etc. are used to make adjectives or adverbs stronger. e.g. I think this film is really terrible. Everyone has worked extremely carefully.

91 Easily Confused words Easily Confused words Accept and Except Accept is Verb Except means BUT NOT e.g. I can accept most of your suggestions except the first one. Advice and Advise Advise is Verb Advice is Noun e.g. He advised me to save my money and I took his advice.

92 Easily Confused words Passed and Past Passed is a regular Verb Past is an Adjective, Noun or Preposition e.g. He passed me on the street at a quarter past four. Fell and Felt Past tense of Fall is Fell Past tense of Feel is Felt e.g. I felt really silly when I fell off my bike.

93 Unit 9 Socializing Reflexive Pronouns and Each Other Rule: Subject Reflexive pronoun I myself You (singular) yourself He / She himself / herself We ourselves You (plural) yourselves They themselves

94 Reflexive Pronouns and Each Other The word BY + a reflexive pronoun means ALONE e.g. I wrote the report by myself. Examples: When Joe looked at himself and Jane looked at herself, they looked at themselves. When Joe looked at Jane and Jane looked at Joe, they looked at each other.

95 Reflexive Pronouns and Each Other Again! Reflexive pronouns are often used when the action described by the verb is directed toward the thing referred to by the subject of the verb. Form of reflexive pronoun

96 Reflexive Pronouns and Each Other Usage Use a reflexive pronoun after Preposition e.g. The children are old enough to look after themselves. Can also be used when it is desired to emphasize a personal pronoun. e.g. I myself saw what happened. Did he solve the problem himself? But after preposition of place can use me, you, him, etc. e.g. In the mirror I saw a lorry behind me. Mike didn t have any money with him.

97 Reflexive Pronouns and Each Other Each Other Each other refer to persons or things which are acting on each other. Both phrases may be used to refer to either persons or things. e.g. You and I saw each other last week. The houses faced each other.

98 Present Perfect with Ever, Yet, Already Present Perfect with Ever, Yet, Already Ever Use to ask about what people have doe before Already Use to say that an action happened earlier. Yet Use to say an action hasn t happened, but we expect it to. Present Perfect with before and never e.g. Have we met before? I have never been to Manila.

99 Present Perfect with Ever, Yet, Already Again! Already Sooner than expected Come Before the Past Participle e.g. It s not a very good party. Most people have already gone home. Yet Use when we are expecting something to happen. Come at The End of a Question or a Negative Sentence e.g. Has your course started yet? It s eleven o clock and you have not finished breakfast yet.

100 Present Perfect with Ever, Yet, Already Ever means In whole your life up to the Present time Use in the Question e.g. Have you ever played cricket? This is the most expensive hotel we have ever stayed in. Never means Not Ever e.g. I have never ridden a motorbike in my life. You have never given me flowers before.

101 Unit 10 Next on the Agenda May and Might Rule: Use May or Might when we want to say that something is Possible, but we are Not Sure it will Happen. We can say the same thing in different ways: e.g. We may finish by 5:30. We might finish by 5:30. Perhaps we will finish by 5:30. Maybe we will finish by 5:30.

102 May and Might Again! Use May Might To say that something is possible or that it is quite likely. Can use for the Present or the Future. e.g. It may /might be a bomb. = Perhaps it is a bomb. I may/might go to the disco tomorrow. = Perhaps I will go to the disco.

103 May and Might May Might in negative form Negative form of May May not Negative form of Might Might not Mightn t

104 Prefixes Prefixes Prefixes are added to the beginning of a word to create the new word Most prefixes are used to make the Opposite of words un-, in-, im-, and dis- im- usually used with words that begin with the letter p e.g. patient impatient

105 Prefixes Again! Prefixes are add for create the new words, which make the meaning are opposite. disreverse of disagreement, disapprove, dislike, disqualify remove something disambiguate, disarm, disenfranchise, dislodge

106 Prefixes il-, im-, in-, ir not unreverse of remove something illegal, illegible, illegitimate, impatient, impossible, impolite, inappropriate, inconceivable, intolerant, irregular, irrelevant, irresponsible unclear, undemocratic, unnecessary, undress, unleash, unmask, unscrew

107 Prefixes